Hard/Critical Technology/Quantum Technologies

Post-Quantum Cryptography

The capacity to develop, standardise and migrate to cryptography that withstands quantum attack, the algorithms, the implementations and the national transition of systems that must stay secret for decades.
factbase.org/cap/NVJC13B329
World mean
3.2
of 20 · median 1.0
Range
0–20
middle half 0.0–4.0
Panel SD
±0.45
round 1 ±0.95 — the honest estimate
Leader
20
United States

Indicators

The measures seeded for this capability in the framework. They are candidate indicators: no cell in the index has a source document attached to it yet.

Band spread across 197 nations

Frontier 1
Advanced 9
Established 7
Transitional 9
Foundational 12
Nascent 26
Inception 133

All 197 nations

Best first. The score is the mean of the four adjudicators' round-3 integers, rounded to the nearest integer; ±SD is their spread on that cell. Where the spread is three points or more, read the number as a band rather than a value.

#NationRegionScoreBandPanel SD
1 🇺🇸United States Americas 20 Frontier ±0.00
2 🇩🇪Germany Europe 17 Advanced ±0.43
3 🇳🇱Netherlands Europe 17 Advanced ±0.83
4 🇬🇧United Kingdom Europe 17 Advanced ±0.00
5 🇨🇦Canada Americas 16 Advanced ±0.50
6 🇨🇳China Asia Pacific 16 Advanced ±0.43
7 🇫🇷France Europe 16 Advanced ±0.43
8 🇯🇵Japan Asia Pacific 16 Advanced ±0.50
9 🇰🇷South Korea Asia Pacific 15 Advanced ±0.43
10 🇨🇭Switzerland Europe 15 Advanced ±0.43
11 🇧🇪Belgium Europe 14 Established ±0.83
12 🇮🇱Israel Middle East 14 Established ±0.50
13 🇦🇺Australia Asia Pacific 13 Established ±1.23
14 🇸🇬Singapore Asia Pacific 13 Established ±0.43
15 🇸🇪Sweden Europe 13 Established ±0.83
16 🇫🇮Finland Europe 12 Established ±0.71
17 🇹🇼Taiwan Asia Pacific 12 Established ±0.71
18 🇦🇹Austria Europe 11 Transitional ±0.83
19 🇮🇳India Asia Pacific 11 Transitional ±0.43
20 🇪🇸Spain Europe 11 Transitional ±0.50
21 🇩🇰Denmark Europe 10 Transitional ±0.83
22 🇪🇪Estonia Europe 10 Transitional ±0.50
23 🇮🇹Italy Europe 10 Transitional ±0.83
24 🇷🇺Russia Europe 10 Transitional ±0.43
25 🇳🇴Norway Europe 9 Transitional ±1.23
26 🇵🇱Poland Europe 9 Transitional ±0.50
27 🇹🇷Türkiye Middle East 8 Foundational ±0.43
28 🇦🇪United Arab Emirates Middle East 8 Foundational ±0.43
29 🇧🇷Brazil Americas 7 Foundational ±0.83
30 🇨🇿Czechia Europe 7 Foundational ±0.43
31 🇮🇪Ireland Europe 7 Foundational ±1.48
32 🇳🇿New Zealand Asia Pacific 7 Foundational ±1.50
33 🇭🇺Hungary Europe 6 Foundational ±0.50
34 🇵🇹Portugal Europe 6 Foundational ±1.23
35 🇷🇴Romania Europe 6 Foundational ±1.12
36 🇸🇦Saudi Arabia Middle East 6 Foundational ±0.71
37 🇿🇦South Africa Africa 6 Foundational ±0.50
38 🇺🇦Ukraine Europe 6 Foundational ±0.50
39 🇬🇷Greece Europe 5 Nascent ±0.43
40 🇮🇷Iran Asia Pacific 5 Nascent ±0.83
41 🇱🇻Latvia Europe 5 Nascent ±1.41
42 🇱🇹Lithuania Europe 5 Nascent ±1.48
43 🇱🇺Luxembourg Europe 5 Nascent ±0.43
44 🇲🇾Malaysia Asia Pacific 5 Nascent ±0.83
45 🇲🇽Mexico Americas 5 Nascent ±1.12
46 🇸🇮Slovenia Europe 5 Nascent ±0.43
47 🇻🇳Vietnam Asia Pacific 5 Nascent ±0.87
48 🇧🇬Bulgaria Europe 4 Nascent ±0.50
49 🇨🇱Chile Americas 4 Nascent ±0.87
50 🇮🇩Indonesia Asia Pacific 4 Nascent ±0.50
51 🇵🇰Pakistan Asia Pacific 4 Nascent ±0.83
52 🇷🇸Serbia Europe 4 Nascent ±0.50
53 🇸🇰Slovakia Europe 4 Nascent ±0.71
54 🇹🇭Thailand Asia Pacific 4 Nascent ±0.83
55 🇦🇷Argentina Americas 3 Nascent ±0.43
56 🇨🇴Colombia Americas 3 Nascent ±0.71
57 🇭🇷Croatia Europe 3 Nascent ±0.43
58 🇲🇹Malta Europe 3 Nascent ±0.71
59 🇲🇦Morocco Africa 3 Nascent ±0.50
60 🇳🇬Nigeria Africa 3 Nascent ±0.50
61 🇵🇪Peru Americas 3 Nascent ±0.83
62 🇵🇭Philippines Asia Pacific 3 Nascent ±0.71
63 🇶🇦Qatar Middle East 3 Nascent ±0.43
64 🇹🇳Tunisia Africa 3 Nascent ±0.43
65 🇦🇲Armenia Middle East 2 Inception ±0.50
66 🇧🇾Belarus Europe 2 Inception ±0.43
67 🇨🇷Costa Rica Americas 2 Inception ±0.43
68 🇨🇺Cuba Americas 2 Inception ±0.00
69 🇨🇾Cyprus Middle East 2 Inception ±0.43
70 🇩🇴Dominican Republic Americas 2 Inception ±0.43
71 🇪🇬Egypt Africa 2 Inception ±0.43
72 🇬🇪Georgia Middle East 2 Inception ±0.43
73 🇬🇭Ghana Africa 2 Inception ±0.50
74 🇮🇸Iceland Europe 2 Inception ±1.23
75 🇯🇴Jordan Middle East 2 Inception ±0.43
76 🇰🇿Kazakhstan Asia Pacific 2 Inception ±0.71
77 🇰🇪Kenya Africa 2 Inception ±0.43
78 🇰🇼Kuwait Middle East 2 Inception ±0.50
79 🇲🇺Mauritius Africa 2 Inception ±1.12
80 🇲🇩Moldova Europe 2 Inception ±0.83
81 🇰🇵North Korea Asia Pacific 2 Inception ±0.71
82 🇲🇰North Macedonia Europe 2 Inception ±0.50
83 🇴🇲Oman Middle East 2 Inception ±0.83
84 🇵🇦Panama Americas 2 Inception ±0.50
85 🇵🇾Paraguay Americas 2 Inception ±0.50
86 🇱🇰Sri Lanka Asia Pacific 2 Inception ±0.43
87 🇺🇾Uruguay Americas 2 Inception ±0.43
88 🇺🇿Uzbekistan Asia Pacific 2 Inception ±0.50
89 🇦🇱Albania Europe 1 Inception ±0.43
90 🇩🇿Algeria Africa 1 Inception ±0.71
91 🇦🇩Andorra Europe 1 Inception ±0.50
92 🇦🇴Angola Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
93 🇦🇬Antigua & Barbuda Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
94 🇦🇿Azerbaijan Middle East 1 Inception ±0.43
95 🇧🇸Bahamas Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
96 🇧🇭Bahrain Middle East 1 Inception ±0.43
97 🇧🇩Bangladesh Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.43
98 🇧🇧Barbados Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
99 🇧🇿Belize Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
100 🇧🇯Benin Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
101 🇧🇹Bhutan Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
102 🇧🇴Bolivia Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
103 🇧🇦Bosnia & Herzegovina Europe 1 Inception ±0.43
104 🇧🇼Botswana Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
105 🇧🇳Brunei Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.43
106 🇧🇫Burkina Faso Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
107 🇨🇻Cabo Verde Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
108 🇰🇭Cambodia Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
109 🇨🇲Cameroon Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
110 🇨🇮Côte d'Ivoire Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
111 🇩🇲Dominica Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
112 🇪🇨Ecuador Americas 1 Inception ±0.43
113 🇸🇻El Salvador Americas 1 Inception ±0.43
114 🇪🇹Ethiopia Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
115 🇬🇹Guatemala Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
116 🇭🇳Honduras Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
117 🇮🇶Iraq Middle East 1 Inception ±0.43
118 🇯🇲Jamaica Americas 1 Inception ±0.43
119 🇽🇰Kosovo Europe 1 Inception ±0.50
120 🇰🇬Kyrgyzstan Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
121 🇱🇧Lebanon Middle East 1 Inception ±0.43
122 🇱🇮Liechtenstein Europe 1 Inception ±0.43
123 🇲🇬Madagascar Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
124 🇲🇼Malawi Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
125 🇲🇻Maldives Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
126 🇲🇱Mali Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
127 🇲🇷Mauritania Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
128 🇲🇳Mongolia Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.71
129 🇲🇪Montenegro Europe 1 Inception ±0.83
130 🇲🇿Mozambique Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
131 🇲🇲Myanmar Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
132 🇳🇦Namibia Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
133 🇳🇵Nepal Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.83
134 🇳🇮Nicaragua Americas 1 Inception ±0.50
135 🇳🇪Niger Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
136 🇵🇸Palestine Middle East 1 Inception ±0.50
137 🇵🇬Papua New Guinea Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
138 🇷🇼Rwanda Africa 1 Inception ±0.71
139 🇸🇳Senegal Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
140 🇸🇩Sudan Africa 1 Inception ±0.50
141 🇹🇯Tajikistan Asia Pacific 1 Inception ±0.50
142 🇹🇿Tanzania Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
143 🇹🇹Trinidad & Tobago Americas 1 Inception ±0.71
144 🇺🇬Uganda Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
145 🇻🇪Venezuela Americas 1 Inception ±0.43
146 🇿🇲Zambia Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
147 🇿🇼Zimbabwe Africa 1 Inception ±0.43
148 🇦🇫Afghanistan Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
149 🇧🇮Burundi Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
150 🇨🇫Central African Rep. Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
151 🇹🇩Chad Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
152 🇰🇲Comoros Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
153 🇨🇬Congo Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
154 🇩🇯Djibouti Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
155 🇨🇩DR Congo Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
156 🇬🇶Equatorial Guinea Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
157 🇪🇷Eritrea Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
158 🇸🇿Eswatini Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
159 🇫🇯Fiji Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
160 🇬🇦Gabon Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
161 🇬🇲Gambia Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
162 🇬🇩Grenada Americas 0 Inception ±0.00
163 🇬🇳Guinea Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
164 🇬🇼Guinea-Bissau Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
165 🇬🇾Guyana Americas 0 Inception ±0.00
166 🇭🇹Haiti Americas 0 Inception ±0.00
167 🇻🇦Holy See Europe 0 Inception ±0.00
168 🇰🇮Kiribati Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
169 🇱🇦Laos Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.43
170 🇱🇸Lesotho Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
171 🇱🇷Liberia Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
172 🇱🇾Libya Africa 0 Inception ±0.43
173 🇲🇭Marshall Islands Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
174 🇫🇲Micronesia Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
175 🇲🇨Monaco Europe 0 Inception ±0.43
176 🇳🇷Nauru Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
177 🇵🇼Palau Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
178 🇰🇳Saint Kitts & Nevis Americas 0 Inception ±0.00
179 🇱🇨Saint Lucia Americas 0 Inception ±0.00
180 🇻🇨Saint Vincent & Grenadines Americas 0 Inception ±0.00
181 🇼🇸Samoa Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
182 🇸🇲San Marino Europe 0 Inception ±0.00
183 🇸🇹São Tomé & Príncipe Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
184 🇸🇨Seychelles Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
185 🇸🇱Sierra Leone Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
186 🇸🇧Solomon Islands Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
187 🇸🇴Somalia Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
188 🇸🇸South Sudan Africa 0 Inception ±0.00
189 🇸🇷Suriname Americas 0 Inception ±0.43
190 🇸🇾Syria Middle East 0 Inception ±0.43
191 🇹🇱Timor-Leste Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.43
192 🇹🇬Togo Africa 0 Inception ±0.43
193 🇹🇴Tonga Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
194 🇹🇲Turkmenistan Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.43
195 🇹🇻Tuvalu Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
196 🇻🇺Vanuatu Asia Pacific 0 Inception ±0.00
197 🇾🇪Yemen Middle East 0 Inception ±0.00

Others in Quantum Technologies

CapabilityWorld meanRangeLeader
Quantum Computing2.50–20United States
Quantum Communication2.40–20China
Quantum Sensing & Metrology2.60–20United States