Research Commercialisation & Knowledge Transfer

Indicators

The measures seeded for this capability in the framework. They are candidate indicators: no cell in the index has a source document attached to it yet.

university spinouts formed
licensing income of research institutions
industry funding of academic research

Band spread across 197 nations

Frontier 5

Advanced 15

Established 7

Transitional 23

Foundational 29

Nascent 52

Inception 66

All 197 nations

Best first. The score is the mean of the four adjudicators' round-3 integers, rounded to the nearest integer; ±SD is their spread on that cell. Where the spread is three points or more, read the number as a band rather than a value.

#	Nation	Region	Score	Band	Panel SD
1	🇺🇸United States	Americas	20	Frontier	±0.00
2	🇩🇪Germany	Europe	18	Frontier	±0.00
3	🇮🇱Israel	Middle East	18	Frontier	±0.00
4	🇨🇭Switzerland	Europe	18	Frontier	±0.00
5	🇬🇧United Kingdom	Europe	18	Frontier	±0.00
6	🇯🇵Japan	Asia Pacific	17	Advanced	±0.50
7	🇳🇱Netherlands	Europe	17	Advanced	±0.00
8	🇰🇷South Korea	Asia Pacific	17	Advanced	±0.50
9	🇸🇪Sweden	Europe	17	Advanced	±0.00
10	🇩🇰Denmark	Europe	16	Advanced	±0.43
11	🇫🇮Finland	Europe	16	Advanced	±0.00
12	🇫🇷France	Europe	16	Advanced	±0.00
13	🇸🇬Singapore	Asia Pacific	16	Advanced	±0.43
14	🇹🇼Taiwan	Asia Pacific	16	Advanced	±0.00
15	🇦🇺Australia	Asia Pacific	15	Advanced	±0.00
16	🇧🇪Belgium	Europe	15	Advanced	±0.43
17	🇨🇦Canada	Americas	15	Advanced	±0.00
18	🇨🇳China	Asia Pacific	15	Advanced	±0.43
19	🇮🇪Ireland	Europe	15	Advanced	±0.43
20	🇳🇴Norway	Europe	15	Advanced	±0.00
21	🇦🇹Austria	Europe	14	Established	±0.43
22	🇳🇿New Zealand	Asia Pacific	14	Established	±0.00
23	🇪🇪Estonia	Europe	13	Established	±0.50
24	🇪🇸Spain	Europe	13	Established	±0.43
25	🇮🇹Italy	Europe	12	Established	±0.43
26	🇵🇹Portugal	Europe	12	Established	±0.71
27	🇹🇷Türkiye	Middle East	12	Established	±0.87
28	🇧🇷Brazil	Americas	11	Transitional	±0.50
29	🇨🇿Czechia	Europe	11	Transitional	±0.43
30	🇮🇳India	Asia Pacific	11	Transitional	±0.43
31	🇱🇺Luxembourg	Europe	11	Transitional	±0.43
32	🇲🇾Malaysia	Asia Pacific	11	Transitional	±0.43
33	🇵🇱Poland	Europe	11	Transitional	±0.71
34	🇸🇮Slovenia	Europe	11	Transitional	±0.00
35	🇿🇦South Africa	Africa	11	Transitional	±0.50
36	🇭🇺Hungary	Europe	10	Transitional	±0.00
37	🇮🇸Iceland	Europe	10	Transitional	±1.09
38	🇲🇽Mexico	Americas	10	Transitional	±0.43
39	🇷🇺Russia	Europe	10	Transitional	±0.43
40	🇸🇦Saudi Arabia	Middle East	10	Transitional	±0.43
41	🇦🇪United Arab Emirates	Middle East	10	Transitional	±0.00
42	🇦🇷Argentina	Americas	9	Transitional	±0.43
43	🇨🇱Chile	Americas	9	Transitional	±0.43
44	🇬🇷Greece	Europe	9	Transitional	±0.43
45	🇱🇻Latvia	Europe	9	Transitional	±0.43
46	🇱🇹Lithuania	Europe	9	Transitional	±0.43
47	🇷🇴Romania	Europe	9	Transitional	±0.50
48	🇷🇸Serbia	Europe	9	Transitional	±0.43
49	🇸🇰Slovakia	Europe	9	Transitional	±0.43
50	🇹🇭Thailand	Asia Pacific	9	Transitional	±0.71
51	🇨🇴Colombia	Americas	8	Foundational	±0.43
52	🇭🇷Croatia	Europe	8	Foundational	±0.71
53	🇪🇬Egypt	Africa	8	Foundational	±0.71
54	🇮🇩Indonesia	Asia Pacific	8	Foundational	±0.43
55	🇮🇷Iran	Asia Pacific	8	Foundational	±0.43
56	🇲🇹Malta	Europe	8	Foundational	±0.43
57	🇲🇦Morocco	Africa	8	Foundational	±0.71
58	🇵🇭Philippines	Asia Pacific	8	Foundational	±0.43
59	🇹🇳Tunisia	Africa	8	Foundational	±0.43
60	🇺🇦Ukraine	Europe	8	Foundational	±0.43
61	🇻🇳Vietnam	Asia Pacific	8	Foundational	±0.83
62	🇧🇬Bulgaria	Europe	7	Foundational	±0.50
63	🇨🇷Costa Rica	Americas	7	Foundational	±0.50
64	🇨🇾Cyprus	Middle East	7	Foundational	±0.43
65	🇲🇺Mauritius	Africa	7	Foundational	±0.87
66	🇵🇪Peru	Americas	7	Foundational	±0.43
67	🇶🇦Qatar	Middle East	7	Foundational	±0.00
68	🇺🇾Uruguay	Americas	7	Foundational	±0.71
69	🇧🇾Belarus	Europe	6	Foundational	±0.50
70	🇨🇺Cuba	Americas	6	Foundational	±0.43
71	🇬🇪Georgia	Middle East	6	Foundational	±0.43
72	🇬🇭Ghana	Africa	6	Foundational	±0.43
73	🇯🇴Jordan	Middle East	6	Foundational	±0.00
74	🇰🇿Kazakhstan	Asia Pacific	6	Foundational	±0.43
75	🇰🇪Kenya	Africa	6	Foundational	±0.00
76	🇳🇬Nigeria	Africa	6	Foundational	±0.43
77	🇴🇲Oman	Middle East	6	Foundational	±0.50
78	🇵🇰Pakistan	Asia Pacific	6	Foundational	±0.43
79	🇱🇰Sri Lanka	Asia Pacific	6	Foundational	±0.00
80	🇩🇿Algeria	Africa	5	Nascent	±0.50
81	🇦🇲Armenia	Middle East	5	Nascent	±0.00
82	🇧🇩Bangladesh	Asia Pacific	5	Nascent	±0.50
83	🇩🇴Dominican Republic	Americas	5	Nascent	±0.43
84	🇪🇨Ecuador	Americas	5	Nascent	±0.43
85	🇪🇹Ethiopia	Africa	5	Nascent	±0.71
86	🇯🇲Jamaica	Americas	5	Nascent	±0.43
87	🇰🇼Kuwait	Middle East	5	Nascent	±0.00
88	🇱🇧Lebanon	Middle East	5	Nascent	±0.00
89	🇱🇮Liechtenstein	Europe	5	Nascent	±0.71
90	🇲🇪Montenegro	Europe	5	Nascent	±0.87
91	🇲🇰North Macedonia	Europe	5	Nascent	±0.87
92	🇵🇦Panama	Americas	5	Nascent	±0.43
93	🇷🇼Rwanda	Africa	5	Nascent	±0.43
94	🇸🇳Senegal	Africa	5	Nascent	±0.00
95	🇹🇿Tanzania	Africa	5	Nascent	±0.50
96	🇹🇹Trinidad & Tobago	Americas	5	Nascent	±0.43
97	🇺🇬Uganda	Africa	5	Nascent	±0.43
98	🇦🇿Azerbaijan	Middle East	4	Nascent	±0.00
99	🇧🇭Bahrain	Middle East	4	Nascent	±0.00
100	🇧🇦Bosnia & Herzegovina	Europe	4	Nascent	±0.00
101	🇧🇼Botswana	Africa	4	Nascent	±0.00
102	🇨🇮Côte d'Ivoire	Africa	4	Nascent	±0.50
103	🇸🇻El Salvador	Americas	4	Nascent	±0.71
104	🇫🇯Fiji	Asia Pacific	4	Nascent	±0.50
105	🇬🇹Guatemala	Americas	4	Nascent	±0.43
106	🇲🇩Moldova	Europe	4	Nascent	±0.43
107	🇲🇳Mongolia	Asia Pacific	4	Nascent	±0.50
108	🇳🇦Namibia	Africa	4	Nascent	±0.43
109	🇵🇸Palestine	Middle East	4	Nascent	±0.50
110	🇵🇾Paraguay	Americas	4	Nascent	±0.00
111	🇺🇿Uzbekistan	Asia Pacific	4	Nascent	±0.00
112	🇻🇪Venezuela	Americas	4	Nascent	±0.71
113	🇿🇲Zambia	Africa	4	Nascent	±0.00
114	🇿🇼Zimbabwe	Africa	4	Nascent	±0.00
115	🇦🇱Albania	Europe	3	Nascent	±0.00
116	🇧🇧Barbados	Americas	3	Nascent	±0.43
117	🇧🇴Bolivia	Americas	3	Nascent	±0.00
118	🇧🇳Brunei	Asia Pacific	3	Nascent	±0.00
119	🇰🇭Cambodia	Asia Pacific	3	Nascent	±0.00
120	🇨🇲Cameroon	Africa	3	Nascent	±0.00
121	🇸🇿Eswatini	Africa	3	Nascent	±0.50
122	🇬🇾Guyana	Americas	3	Nascent	±0.50
123	🇭🇳Honduras	Americas	3	Nascent	±0.43
124	🇮🇶Iraq	Middle East	3	Nascent	±0.50
125	🇽🇰Kosovo	Europe	3	Nascent	±0.43
126	🇰🇬Kyrgyzstan	Asia Pacific	3	Nascent	±0.50
127	🇲🇬Madagascar	Africa	3	Nascent	±0.00
128	🇲🇨Monaco	Europe	3	Nascent	±1.12
129	🇲🇿Mozambique	Africa	3	Nascent	±0.43
130	🇳🇵Nepal	Asia Pacific	3	Nascent	±0.43
131	🇳🇮Nicaragua	Americas	3	Nascent	±0.00
132	🇦🇩Andorra	Europe	2	Inception	±0.50
133	🇦🇴Angola	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
134	🇧🇸Bahamas	Americas	2	Inception	±0.50
135	🇧🇯Benin	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
136	🇧🇹Bhutan	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.43
137	🇧🇫Burkina Faso	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
138	🇨🇻Cabo Verde	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
139	🇨🇬Congo	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
140	🇬🇦Gabon	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
141	🇬🇲Gambia	Africa	2	Inception	±0.43
142	🇬🇩Grenada	Americas	2	Inception	±0.00
143	🇬🇳Guinea	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
144	🇱🇦Laos	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.00
145	🇱🇸Lesotho	Africa	2	Inception	±0.50
146	🇱🇾Libya	Africa	2	Inception	±0.50
147	🇲🇼Malawi	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
148	🇲🇻Maldives	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.43
149	🇲🇱Mali	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
150	🇲🇷Mauritania	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
151	🇲🇲Myanmar	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.00
152	🇳🇪Niger	Africa	2	Inception	±0.50
153	🇰🇵North Korea	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.50
154	🇵🇬Papua New Guinea	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.00
155	🇼🇸Samoa	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.50
156	🇸🇨Seychelles	Africa	2	Inception	±0.43
157	🇸🇱Sierra Leone	Africa	2	Inception	±0.43
158	🇸🇩Sudan	Africa	2	Inception	±0.43
159	🇸🇷Suriname	Americas	2	Inception	±0.50
160	🇹🇯Tajikistan	Asia Pacific	2	Inception	±0.00
161	🇹🇬Togo	Africa	2	Inception	±0.00
162	🇦🇬Antigua & Barbuda	Americas	1	Inception	±0.43
163	🇧🇿Belize	Americas	1	Inception	±0.43
164	🇧🇮Burundi	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
165	🇨🇫Central African Rep.	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
166	🇹🇩Chad	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
167	🇰🇲Comoros	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
168	🇩🇯Djibouti	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
169	🇩🇲Dominica	Americas	1	Inception	±0.43
170	🇨🇩DR Congo	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
171	🇬🇶Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
172	🇪🇷Eritrea	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
173	🇬🇼Guinea-Bissau	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
174	🇭🇹Haiti	Americas	1	Inception	±0.00
175	🇰🇮Kiribati	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.50
176	🇱🇷Liberia	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
177	🇲🇭Marshall Islands	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.50
178	🇫🇲Micronesia	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.50
179	🇳🇷Nauru	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.50
180	🇵🇼Palau	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.50
181	🇰🇳Saint Kitts & Nevis	Americas	1	Inception	±0.00
182	🇱🇨Saint Lucia	Americas	1	Inception	±0.00
183	🇻🇨Saint Vincent & Grenadines	Americas	1	Inception	±0.00
184	🇸🇲San Marino	Europe	1	Inception	±0.00
185	🇸🇹São Tomé & Príncipe	Africa	1	Inception	±0.00
186	🇸🇧Solomon Islands	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.00
187	🇸🇾Syria	Middle East	1	Inception	±0.00
188	🇹🇱Timor-Leste	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.00
189	🇹🇴Tonga	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.00
190	🇹🇲Turkmenistan	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.00
191	🇻🇺Vanuatu	Asia Pacific	1	Inception	±0.00
192	🇾🇪Yemen	Middle East	1	Inception	±0.00
193	🇦🇫Afghanistan	Asia Pacific	0	Inception	±0.00
194	🇻🇦Holy See	Europe	0	Inception	±0.00
195	🇸🇴Somalia	Africa	0	Inception	±0.00
196	🇸🇸South Sudan	Africa	0	Inception	±0.00
197	🇹🇻Tuvalu	Asia Pacific	0	Inception	±0.00

Others in Innovation & Commercialisation

Capability	World mean	Range	Leader
Business Innovation Capability	6.3	0–20	United States
Intellectual Property & Intangible Assets	6.1	0–20	United States
Innovation Ecosystems & Clusters	6.0	0–20	United States